Key ingredients include a patented Retinoic Acid Ester, a powerful, yet gentle vitamin A derivative without the usual, associated irritation and side effects of topical retinoid therapy. Azelaic Acid exfoliates the skin, reduces bacteria, and helps to suppress post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH).  In addition, Copper Tripeptides and botanical extracts provide powerful antioxidant protection. A Salicylic Acid derivative that is more gentle on the skin, has the same efficient skin exfoliation benefits. The addition of Epidermal Growth Factors ensures that skin lesions are more rapidly healed. Tea Tree Oil has anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory benefits. Not tested on animals.